Implicit memory

Story of amnesiac who is able to dial her phone number

Amnesiac can remember skills learned (math, riding a bicycle) but do not recognize people. Story of pinprick.

Dissociation between explicit and implicit memory

Is priming using explicit or implicit memory?

Word completion tasks:

Amnesics shown evidence, window, telephone

Speed up of performance for evi________ although no explicit memory.

Priming in normals also shows speed up of performance before awareness.

Retention of priming effect

In word completion task:

Students copy 100 words and judege words for familiarity

Tested with word fragments from studied words and new words

(show graph)

evidence for long term retention of priming effects.

Jacoby (1983)

Conditions:

No context: XXXX cold

Context hot cold

Generate (hot antonym) cold

(in generate, s’s explicitly generated the antonym for hot

Test

Identification: Read word as quickly as possible (implicit memory test)

Recognition: Recognize whether word was on the list (explicit memory test)

Performance (graph on p. 105)

Difference between implicit and explicit memory:

Identification is best with no context and worst with generation

Recognition is best when generated and worst with no context.

Problem solving

People take credit for solutions they didn’t produce.

(unconscious plagiarism)

Implicit Social cognition

Frequency of exposure:

We like items that we have seen frequently even if we don’t know which items we have seen more frequently.

(examples: exposure to different races, genders)

Implications for advertising.

Implicit learning of artificial grammars

Rule learning

Grammars

Show picture

After studying grammars, subjects can not explain the rules to generate grammars, but

1)They learn new sequences that follow the rules of the grammar faster than random strings.

2) They recognize the strings from the grammar faster

3) Transfer knowledge to new sets of strings that use similar constructions

What is being learned

3 hypotheses

1) rule learning: acquire some of the rules implicitly

2) individual exemplars: learn from individual strings shown

3) chunks or letter combinations: acquire small chunks of regularly repeated strings

Implications for implicit sequence learning

We learn abstractions

We see rules or patterns

We learn correlations between events